"common language based on Mandarin varieties" . "common language based on northern varieties" . . "gu\u0101nhu\u00E0" . "Mandarin Chinese" . "Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)" . "speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires" . "Nanjing court dialect" . "lingua franca of administration" . "Middle Mandarin" . . "koin\u00E9" . "lingua franca of the Ming and Qing dynasties" . "Mandarin-based" . "dialect of the imperial court" . . . "official language" . "Imperial Mandarin" . "Guanhua" . . . "capital dialect" . "late Ming standard" . "Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)" . "late imperial Mandarin" . "Mandarin" .