. "1449-09-01" . . . . . . "Ming dynasty" . "approx. 20,000" . "military campaign" . . "Northern Yuan" . . . . . "500,000" . . "1449" . . . . . "Ming\u2013Mongol War" . . "Tumu Crisis" . . "China" . . "Minimal" . "Battle of Tumu" . . "Tumu" . . . . . "Mongol victory, capture of Chinese Emperor Yingzong, and return to status quo ante bellum" . . . . . . "Tumu Crisis" . "Battle of Tumu Fortress" . . .